OMS 405
Senior Capstone on the Gig Economy
Reading List version 3.0
(version 2.0 here; 1.0 here)
Dr. Brawley Newlin, Gettysburg College, Fall 2019
(see syllabus here)
1. What is gig work? (Aug 30)
- Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work (Spreitzer, Cameron, & Garrett, 2017)
- Micro-entrepreneurs, dependent contractors, and instaserfs: Understanding online labor platform workforces (Kuhn & Maleki, 2017)
- Organization theory and the dilemmas of a post-corporate economy (Davis, 2016)
- (skim) Moneyish: Soon more people will be driving Ubers and renting out Airbnbs than working in finance (Pesce, 2017) https://moneyish.com/ish/soon-more-people-will-be-driving-ubers-and-renting-out-airbnbs-than-working-in-finance/
2. This ain’t a new problem, folks!
2a. Some historical and big picture perspective (the changing nature of work) (Sept 4)
- The legal context of the management of human resources (Murphy, 2018), pp. 2-5 (“Historical Context”) and pp. 16-17 (“Who is an Employee…?”)
- Labour is not a technology: Reasserting the Declaration of Philadelphia in times of platform-work and gig-economy (de Stefano, 2017), pp. 4-6 (Section 2. “Uber: Digital service…?”) and pp. 8-14 (Sections 4 and 5)
2b. A primer on employee classification, taxes, and tax forms (Sept 11)
- IRS: Standards for self-employment https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/independent-contractor-self-employed-or-employee
- IRS: Forms and associated taxes for independent contractors https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/forms-and-associated-taxes-for-independent-contractors
- DOL FLSA: Fact Sheet 13, “Am I an employee?” https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs13.htm
- Gettysburg College: Independent contractor or employee http://www.gettysburg.edu/dotAsset/a9759b9a-8860-44fc-b296-4dfb76b211c1.doc
- Making money on Youtube and paying taxes!(Anneayail, 2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdpiYnIPB4w
- The Sharing Economy, Ch. 8 “The future of work: What needs to be done,” (Sundararajan, 2016, pp. 177-192)
2c. Employee classification in light of the gig economy (Sept 13)
- NY Times: How Uber uses psychological tricks to push its drivers’ buttons (Scheiber, 2017) nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/02/technology/uber-drivers-psychological-tricks.html?_r=0
2d. Recent rulings, etc. (Sept 13)
Readings #1-2:
- Bloomberg: California Senate passes bill set to transform gig economy (Eidelson, Chapman, & Cutler, 2019) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-11/california-senate-passes-labor-bill-set-to-transform-gig-economy
- NY Times: California’s contractor law stirs confusion beyond the gig economy (Conger & Scheiber, 2019) https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/11/business/economy/uber-california-bill.html
Reading #3 (choose any one from the following list, and prepare a summary to share in class):
- AP: NYC drivers for Uber, other apps to get vision care coverage (Matthews, 2018) https://www.apnews.com/39270aa6dabf484688d179c894ccad77
- ArsTechnica: GrubHub “gig economy” trial ends with judge calling out plaintiff’s lies (Mullin, 2017) https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/10/grubhub-gig-economy-trial-ends-with-judge-calling-out-plaintiffs-lies/
- Bloomberg Law: Misclassifying workers doesn’t violate labor law, NLRB says (2) (Iafolla, 2019) https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/misclassifying-workers-doesnt-violate-labor-law-nlrb-says
- Bloomberg: U. S. Labor Board complaint says on-demand cleaners are employees (Eidelson, 2017) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-31/u-s-labor-board-complaint-says-on-demand-cleaners-are-employees
- CBS: Thousands of Uber drivers to get settlement checks https://www.cbsnews.com/news/thousands-of-uber-drivers-to-get-settlement-checks/
- Cullinane v. Uber Technologies, Inc., No. 16-2023 (1st Cir. 2018) https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca1/16-2023/16-2023-2018-06-25.html
- Fisher Phillips: Another gig economy misclassification win delivered in New York, this time for Postmates (Meneghello, 2018) https://www.fisherphillips.com/gig-employer/another-gig-economy-misclassification-win-delivered-in
- GMB: GMB scores landmark win against Hermes (GMB, 2018) http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/gmb-hermes-win
- London @Uber drivers are workers: summary & analysis of today’s Employment Appeal Tribunal decision #ukemplaw #gigwork Thread. 1/n (Prassl, 2017) https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/928999294933327872.html
- NY Times: Uber dealt setback after European court rules it is a taxi service (Alderman, 2017) https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/business/uber-europe-ecj.html
- NY Times: Uber drivers ruled eligible for jobless payments in New York state (Scheiber, 2016) https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/business/state-rules-2-former-uber-drivers-eligible-for-jobless-payments.html
- NY Times: Uber hit with cap as New York City takes lead in crackdown (Fitzsimmons, 2018) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/08/nyregion/uber-vote-city-council-cap.html
- O’Connor v. Uber http://uberlitigation.com/
- Quartz: Uber said raising driver pay couldn’t be done. That’s about to change (Griswold, 2018) https://qz.com/1350905/uber-drivers-are-about-to-get-a-minimum-wage-in-nyc/
- San Francisco Chronicle: San Francisco to Uber, Lyft: Tell us what drivers earn (Said, 2018) https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/San-Francisco-to-Uber-Lyft-Tell-us-what-drivers-12951396.php
- Sky News: Taxi app Uber places limit on driver hours (Staton, 2018) https://news.sky.com/story/taxi-app-uber-places-limit-on-driver-hours-11210378
- State of New York unemployment insurance appeal filing https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8j6gW0YxEa7R19FaF80aDBtVWlpMGFVOTAzcVVHNS1GZVdJ/view
- The Conversation: Why gig workers may be worse off after the Fair Work Ombudsman’s action against Foodora https://theconversation.com/why-gig-workers-may-be-worse-off-after-the-fair-work-ombudsmans-action-against-foodora-98242
3. Exploring platforms and the implications of “going public”
3a. Student mini-presentations on selected various platforms (in class Sept 18-20), to possibly include….
99Designs
Airbnb
Airgarage
Airpnp
Airport Sherpa
Alto (rideshare)
Animal Robo
Antlos
Band of Hands
Bento
Bloomthat
Boatbound
Breather
Bud and Breakfast
CAD Crowd
Caliva
Challenge.gov
Chaordix
ClickWorker
Clowder
Clutter
Craigslist
CrowdSpring
DesignCrowd
Doctor on Demand
Dogvacay
Doordash
Doorman
Droners
Eatwith
Eaze
Etsy
Eventup
Eyeka
Farm Hill
Figure Eight (formerly CrowdFlower)
Fiverr
Freelancer
Guerra-Creativa
Guru
Heal
Hipcamp
Homejoy
Idea Connection
IdeaScale
InnoCentive
Instacart
Juno
Kaggle
Kinkbnb
Laundromatch
Lugg
Luxe
Lyft
Mealpal
Microworkers
Minibar
Monkey Parking
Munchery
NineSigma
Ohlala
Ola Cabs
People PerHour
Podshare
Postmates
Push for Pizza
Roost
Shuddle
Shyp
Silk Road
Songfinch
Spare Chair
Spot Park
Swiggy
Taskrabbit
Thumbtack
Topcoder
Toptal
Twitch
Uber
UberEATS
Upwork
Wag!
Washio
Yoshi
YourMechanic
Youtube
Zeel
Zesty
Zirx
ZOOPPA
… (any platform but MTurk)
3b. Limits of Uberization? (Sept 25)
- The Policy and Internet Blog: The limits of uberization: How far can platforms go? (Lehdonvirta, 2016) http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/the-limits-of-uberization-how-far-can-platforms-go/
- HuffPost: High tech comes to the sex worker industry (Spieler, 2017) https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/high-tech-comes-to-the-sex-worker-industry_us_59ab4d9de4b0bef3378cd935
- CNN: Amish man offers Uber rides via his horse and buggy (Lastoe, 2017) https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/amish-uber-service/index.html
- Business Insider: An umbrella-sharing startup unintentionally gave away 300,000 free umbrellas (Weller, 2017) http://www.businessinsider.com/umbrella-sharing-startup-loses-300000-umbrellas-2017-7
- Motherboard: Human bus drivers will always be better than robot bus drivers (Lindeman, 2018) https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43bkx3/bus-driver-automation
3c. Organizing what we know so far about gig work platforms (Sept 25)
- The Sharing Economy (Sundararajan, 2016), Ch. 3 “Platforms: Under the Hood”
4. Being a gig worker
4a. Who gig works? (Oct 2)
- Gig workers in America: Profiles, mindsets, and financial wellness (Prudential Financial) http://research.prudential.com/documents/rp/Gig_Economy_Whitepaper.pdf
- Upwork: Freelancing in America 2017 https://www.upwork.com/press/2017/10/17/freelancing-in-america-2017/
4b. Firsthand experience (Oct 4)
- “Being an MTurk Worker” participation assignment
4c. Secondhand experiences (Oct 2-4)
- PBS NewsHour (2015) “Inside the world of a Mechanical Turker” (4:43)
- Wired: The crazy hacks one woman used to make money on Mechanical Turk (Kessler, 2018) https://www.wired.com/story/the-crazy-hacks-one-woman-used-to-make-money-on-mechanical-turk/
- Note to Self: “Meet the humans who protect your eyes” – interview with Rochelle LaPlante (audio, 23:45) https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/moderating-content-facebook/
5. Measuring the gig economy
5a. Variations in findings (Oct 9)
- CNN: Intuit: Gig economy is 34% of US workforce (Gillespie, 2017) https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/24/news/economy/gig-economy-intuit/index.html
- BLS: Contingent and alternative employment arrangements, May 2017 https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.nr0.htm
- Aspen Institute: Five takeaways from the 2017 Contingent Worker Supplement (Fitzpayne, Steward, & Pollack, 2018) https://www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/five-takeaways-from-2017-contingent-worker-supplement/
- BLS: “Electronically mediated employment” portion of the May 2017 Contingent Worker Supplement https://www.bls.gov/cps/electronically-mediated-employment.htm
- BLS: Frequently asked questions about data on electronically mediated employment https://www.bls.gov/cps/electronically-mediated-employment-faqs.htm
For analysis and discussion in class (randomly assigned one during class):
- Online Labour Index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research (Kassi & Lehdonvirta, in press) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162518301331
- Pew: Gig work, online selling and home sharing http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/17/gig-work-online-selling-and-home-sharing/
- Pew: Sharing and on-demand services attract a small but active group of ‘super users’ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/30/sharing-and-on-demand-services-attract-a-small-but-active-group-of-super-users/
- Pew: Shared, collaborative and on demand: The new digital economy http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/05/19/the-new-digital-economy/
- Pew: On-demand: Ride-hailing apps http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/05/19/on-demand-ride-hailing-apps/
5b. Limitations of measurement methods (in class Oct 9)
- BLS: Frequently asked questions about data on electronically mediated employment https://www.bls.gov/cps/electronically-mediated-employment-faqs.htm
6. Worker issues
6a. Benefits (Oct 11)
- The Finnish experiment (UBI) https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-finnish-experiment/
- The bizarre tale of President Nixon and his basic income bill (Bregman, Utopia for Realists, pp. 115-131)
6b. Occupational health (Oct 23)
- Skim for main points and reasons why this is happening – Polygon: YouTube’s top creators are burning out and breaking down en masse (Alexander, 2018) https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/1/17413542/burnout-mental-health-awareness-youtube-elle-mills-el-rubius-bobby-burns-pewdiepie
- Skim for main points and reasons why this is happening – The New York Times: Another taxi driver in debt takes his life. That’s 5 in 5 months. (Stewart & Ferre-Sadurni, 2018) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/nyregion/taxi-driver-suicide-nyc.html
- Finding meaning in a hopeless place? The construction of meaningfulness in digital microwork (Kost, Fieseler, & Wong, 2018)
- The big, gig picture: We can’t assume the same constructs matter (Brawley, 2017)
6c. Collaborative efforts (Oct 25)
- The crowd is a collaborative network (Gray, Suri, Ali, & Kulkarni, 2016) https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/collab_paper21.pdf
- Fast Company: The network Uber drivers built (Rosenblat, 2018) https://www.fastcompany.com/40501439/the-network-uber-drivers-built
6d. Collective action: Unions? Manifestos? Protests? (Oct 25)
- Evening Standard: Uber drivers ‘working together to drive up prices’ (Gillett, 2017) https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/revealed-how-uber-drivers-work-together-to-drive-up-prices-a3601806.html
- Motherboard: This case will decide if Uber’s surge pricing is illegal (Ongweso, 2019) https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d3adbv/this-case-will-decide-if-ubers-surge-pricing-is-illegal
- Algorithms that divide and unite: Delocalisation, identity and collective action in ‘microwork’ (Lehdonvirta, 2016)
- Do-it-yourself (DIY) reading: Find any second source on the topic of collective action among gig workers (non-exhaustive list of example “collective actions” you might read about: efforts to unionize, staging protests or strikes, protesting specific events [e.g., refusing to drive Uber during/after XYZ event], developing a manifesto or guidelines for better gig work…).
7. Fairness
7a. Defining fairness (in class Oct 30 – Nov 1)
7b. Ratings (Oct 30)
- Discriminating tastes: Uber’s customer ratings as vehicles for workplace discrimination (Rosenblat, Levy, Barocas, & Hwang, 2017)
- Buzzfeed: That four-star rating you left could cost your Uber driver her job (O’Donovan, 2017) https://www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/the-fault-in-five-stars
- The Conversation: The gig economy may strengthen the ‘invisible advantage’ men have at work (Galperin, 2018) http://theconversation.com/the-gig-economy-may-strengthen-the-invisible-advantage-men-have-at-work-86444
- Skim this article for main points only: Simulation experiments on (the absence of) ratings bias in reputation systems (Thebault-Spieker et al., 2017) http://www.brenthecht.com/publications/cscw2018pacm_ratingsbias.pdf
7c. Pay (Nov 1)
- Skim this article for main findings only: The gender earnings gap in the gig economy: Evidence from over a million rideshare drivers (Cook, Diamond, Hall, List, & Oyer, 2018) https://web.stanford.edu/~diamondr/UberPayGap.pdf
7d. Discrimination in access (Nov 1)
- Skim full paper for findings as well as their experimental design: Racial and gender discrimination in transportation network companies (NBER Working Paper) http://www.nber.org/papers/w22776
- New York Times: Unemployed Detroit residents are trapped by a digital divide (Kang, 2016) https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/23/technology/unemployed-detroit-residents-are-trapped-by-a-digital-divide.html
- NBC News: LGBTQ and black passengers face more rideshare cancellations, study finds (Aviles, 2019) https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/gay-black-passengers-face-more-rideshare-cancellations-study-finds-n1059571
- And: conduct some online research into the hashtag #airbnbwhileblack (for example, what is it/what happened? When was it trending? What happened as a result of it?). Bring notes about what you find to discuss in class.
8. “Bigger picture” impacts of the gig economy
8a. Housing (Nov 6)
- Scalawag: How communities are fighting to save New Orleans from an Airbnb takeover (Berlin, 2019) https://www.scalawagmagazine.org/2019/04/new-orleans-airbnb/
- City and State NY: Airbnb’s New York City legal battles (McDonough, 2019) https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/policy/technology/airbnbs-new-york-city-legal-battles.html
8b. Artificial intelligence (Nov 6)
- MIT Technology Review: The AI gig economy is coming for you (Hao, 2019) https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613606/the-ai-gig-economy-is-coming-for-you/
- Washington Post: Nine months after deadly crash, Uber is testing self-driving cars again in Pittsburgh (Laris, 2018) https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2018/12/20/nine-months-after-deadly-crash-uber-is-testing-self-driving-cars-again-pittsburgh-starting-today/
- And: identify one other “bigger picture” or macro-level issue not covered by these readings that you think will be affected by gig work.
8c. Intersections of “traditional” business and the gig economy (Nov 13)
- NPR: Uber launches an app to connect job seekers with gig work (Talbot, 2019) https://www.npr.org/2019/10/03/766861700/uber-launches-an-app-to-connect-job-seekers-with-gig-work
- WSJ: MTA blames Uber for decline in New York City subway, bus ridership (Berger, 2018) https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/mta-blames-uber-for-decline-in-new-york-city-subway-bus-ridership-1532386865
- Gizmodo: Ikea just bought… TaskRabbit? (Estes, 2017) https://gizmodo.com/ikea-just-bought-taskrabbit-1818964095
- Inside Higher Ed: Your interview with AI (Burke, 2019) http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/11/04/ai-assessed-job-interviewing-grows-colleges-try-prepare-students
- HBR Ideacast: “The era of agile talent” (13:00 audio) https://hbr.org/ideacast/2016/07/the-era-of-agile-talent.html
9. Is the gig economy good?
9a. “Good”? (Nov 15)
- SBS: Airbnb hosts are offering their homes to firies and those displaced by bushfires for free (Winter, 2019) https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/airbnb-hosts-are-offering-their-homes-to-firies-and-those-displaced-by-bushfires-for-free
- Lyft Blog: Lyft launches jobs access program in 35+ cities with national partners including Goodwill®, United Way, and the USO https://blog.lyft.com/jobs-access-program
- Huffington Post: Uber and Lyft plan to offer free and discounted rides on election day (Barden, 2018) https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/uber-lyft-free-election-day-rides_us_5bc41a38e4b040bb4e83a8ce
- Fast Co: The Airbnb for affordable housing is here (Schwab, 2017) https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here
- International Rescue Committee: With emphasis on safety, new report shows ‘gig economy’ could help Syrian refugee women in Jordan find work (International Rescue Committee, 2017) https://www.rescue.org/press-release/emphasis-safety-new-report-shows-gig-economy-could-help-syrian-refugee-women-jordan
- Only need to skim this one – Houston Chron: I downloaded an app. And suddenly, was part of the Cajun Navy. (Hartman, 2017) http://www.chron.com/local/gray-matters/article/I-downloaded-an-app-And-suddenly-I-was-talking-12172506.php
9b. “Bad”? (Nov 20)
Reading #1 (in class):
- Everyone reads/explores: C-SATS – explore this site enough to determine how this surgery rating process works http://www.csats.com/
Reading #2 (randomly assigned one to read/summarize in class discussion):
- Quartz: You could be flirting on dating apps with paid impersonators (Rose, 2018) https://qz.com/1247382/online-dating-is-so-awful-that-people-are-paying-virtual-dating-assistants-to-impersonate-them/
- The New Inquiry: The virtual watchers (Moll & Parizot, 2016) https://thenewinquiry.com/the-virtual-watchers/
- The New Yorker: The gig economy celebrates working yourself to death (Tolentino, 2017) https://www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/the-gig-economy-celebrates-working-yourself-to-death
- Motherboard: Uber’s phantom cabs (Rosenblat, 2015) https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mgbz5a/ubers-phantom-cabs
- Ars Technica: Expensify sent images with personal data to Mechanical Turkers, calls it a feature (Gallagher, 2017) https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/11/expensify-acknowledges-potential-privacy-problem-by-calling-it-a-feature/
- HuffPost: Gig economy gives child support scofflaws a place to hide (Fifield, 2017) https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/gig-economy-gives-child-support-scofflaws-a-place-to_us_5a2173c6e4b05072e8b56862
- Mother Jones: The crazy story of the professor who came to stay—and wouldn’t leave (Gordon, 2016) https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/berkeley-sarah-lawrence-professor-house-rental-saga/
10. What gig work means for us
10a. As managers and management scholars (Nov 22 – Dec 4)
- In-class work: You and your presentation partner will select one OMS concept (see list below for suggestions) and one gig for the following work. Prepare a short presentation that will cover three main points: (1) a brief introduction of your selected OMS concept (e.g., how is it defined? What are its key dimensions?), (2) whether and how it “applies” to the gig you selected, and (3) what changes (if any; or if none – why not?) we may need to our concept in order to better suit that particular gig. Total expected presentation length is about 3-5 minutes. You may make presentation materials (e.g., a few slides) but this is not required.
- Make sure to explore your chosen concept and its application to gigs in adequate depth to earn credit. For example, stating that you choose job satisfaction (without defining it) and then merely noting that gig workers likely experience some level of satisfaction with their jobs would be insufficient.
- Instead, an appropriate depth of exploration would be to
- (1) explain job satisfaction and specific factors – such as the physical demands of the work, the person’s personal interest in the work, and how mentally challenging the work is – that affect job satisfaction, and
- (2) suggest ways that those factors may or may not be different for a specific gig (e.g., the workers may feel more personal interest in the gig), and how those differences could affect the worker’s job satisfaction (e.g., it could increase their job satisfaction).
- (3) Last, be sure to include recommendations for any changes (or explain why no changes are necessary) to our current conceptualization of the topic you chose, such as needing to emphasize personal interest more, and physical demands of the work less, or add in some new factor affecting job satisfaction, such as rating systems.
- The Economist: User-rating systems are cut-rate substitutes for a skillful boss (The Economist, 2018) https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2018/06/30/user-rating-systems-are-cut-rate-substitutes-for-a-skilful-boss
- Crowdwork from an HRM perspective: Integrating organizational performance and employee welfare (Ellmer & Reichel, 2018) – read section 5 “Crowdwork from an HRM perspective”
10b. As people with “traditional” jobs (Dec 4)
- WA Today: The gig economy is endangering wages, economists say (Martin, 2018) http://www.watoday.com.au/business/the-economy/the-gig-economy-is-endangering-wages-economists-say-20180306-p4z329.html
10c. Personally (Dec 4)
- Quartz: Are you a bad person if you still take Uber? (Griswold, 2017) https://qz.com/1164217/are-you-a-bad-person-if-you-still-take-uber/
- Survey about your usage of gig platforms, used to provide data for in-class discussion: https://forms.gle/hxyJoSAKV8QDLtw96
10d. As people who want the future of work to be good (Dec 4)
- Your role in creating a fairer world of work (Graham, 2017, pp. 28-31)